Field-based molecular detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in critically endangered Atelopus toads and aquatic habitats in Ecuador.

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a lethal fungal species that parasitizes vertebrates and is associated with the worldwide decline of amphibian populations. The development of sensitive, rapid detection methods, particularly DNA-based techniques, is critical for effective management strategies. This study evaluates the efficacy of DNA extraction and a portable PCR device in a mountable field laboratory setup for detecting Bd near the habitats of three critically endangered Atelopus toad species in Ecuador. We collected skin swabs from Atelopus balios, A. nanay, and A. bomolochos, and environmental DNA (eDNA) samples from streams in Andean and coastal regions of Ecuador. For eDNA, a comparison was made with duplicates of the samples that were processed in the field and in a standard university laboratory. Our findings revealed Bd detection in eDNA and swabs from 6 of 12 water samples and 10 of 12 amphibian swab samples. The eDNA results obtained in the field laboratory were concordant with those obtained under campus laboratory conditions. These findings highlight the potential of field DNA-based monitoring techniques for detecting Bd in amphibian populations and their aquatic habitats, particularly in remote areas. Furthermore, this research aligns with the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Ecuadorian Amphibians and contributes to the global effort to control this invasive and deadly fungus.

Environmental DNA and visual encounter surveys for amphibian biomonitoring in aquatic environments of the Ecuadorian Amazon.

Background: The development of anthropogenic activities has generated a decline in aquatic fauna populations, and amphibians have been the most affected. The decline of batrachofauna is concerning, as 41% of all species worldwide are endangered. For this reason, rapid, efficient, and non-invasive biodiversity monitoring techniques are needed, and environmental DNA (eDNA) is one such tool that has been sparsely applied in Ecuador. This technique has allowed scientists generates information on species diversity and amphibian community composition from a water sample. This study applied eDNA-based biomonitoring analyses and visual encounter surveys (VES) as inventory techniques to identify the diversity of aquatic amphibians in the Tena River micro-basin (TRMB). Methods: The experimental design was divided into three components: (1) fieldwork: all amphibians were recorded by the VES technique and water samples were collected; (2) laboratory work: DNA isolation from amphibian tissue samples and eDNA-containing filters, amplification, electrophoresis, and sequencing were performed; (3) Data analysis: a local DNA reference database was constructed, and eDNA sequence data were processed for classification, taxonomic assignment, and ecological interpretation. Results: Using both eDNA and VES, we detected 33 amphibian species (13 with eDNA only, five with VES only, and 15 with both methods). These species belonged to six amphibian families: Hylidae being the richest with 14 species (three eDNA, one VES, and 10 with both methods), followed by Strabomantidae with nine species (six eDNA, one VES, and two with both methods). All families were detected with both methods, except for the Aromobatidae, having one single record (Allobates aff. insperatus) by VES. Individually, eDNA detected 28 species and had a detection probability (DP) of 0.42 CI [0.40-0.45], while VES recorded 20 species with a DP of 0.17 CI [0.14-0.20]. Similarly, using VES, Cochranella resplendens was detected for the first time in TRMB, while with eDNA, four mountain frogs Pristimantis acerus, Pristimantis eriphus, Pristimantis mallii, and Pristimantis sp. (INABIO 15591) previously recorded at 1,518 m.a.s.l. at altitudes below 600 m.a.s.l. were detected. Conclusions: Results obtained in this study showed that eDNA-based detection had a greater capacity to detect amphibians in aquatic environments compared to VES. The combination of VES and eDNA improves the sensitivity of species detection and provides more reliable, robust, and detailed information. The latter is essential for developing conservation strategies in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

Novel EYA1 variants causing Branchio-oto-renal syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by second branchial arch anomalies, hearing impairment, and renal malformations. Pathogenic mutations have been discovered in several genes such as EYA1, SIX5, and SIX1. However, nearly half of those affected reveal no pathogenic variant by traditional genetic testing. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Whole Exome sequencing and/or Sanger sequencing performed in 10 unrelated families from Turkey, Iran, Ecuador, and USA with BOR syndrome in this study. RESULTS: We identified causative DNA variants in six families including novel c.525delT, c.979T > C, and c.1768delG and a previously reported c.1779A > T variants in EYA1. Two large heterozygous deletions involving EYA1 were detected in additional two families. Whole exome sequencing did not reveal a causative variant in the remaining four families. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of DNA changes including large deletions underlie BOR syndrome in different populations, which can be detected with comprehensive genetic testing.

Association between the APOE ε4 Allele and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in an Ecuadorian Mestizo Population.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. It has two main pathological hallmarks: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The APOE ε4 allele has been recognized as the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in several populations worldwide, yet the risk varies by region and ethnicity. The aims of this study were to describe APOE allele and genotype frequencies and examine the relationship between the APOE ε4 allele and LOAD risk in an Ecuadorian Mestizo population. We carried out a case-control study comprising 56 individuals clinically diagnosed with probable AD (≥65 years of age) and 58 unrelated healthy control subjects (≥65 years of age). Genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR method. Our data showed that allelic and genotypic frequencies follow the trends observed in most worldwide populations. We also found a high-risk association between APOE ε4 allele carriers and LOAD (OR = 7.286; 95% CI = 2.824-18.799; p < 0.001). Therefore, we concluded that APOE ε4 must be considered an important genetic risk factor for LOAD in the Ecuadorian Mestizo population. Additionally, we suggest that in mixed populations the effects of admixture and ethnic identity should be differentiated when evaluating genetic contributions to Alzheimer's disease risk.

Ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2: diagnóstico clínico y molecular de dos casos atendidos en el Hospital de Especialidades de las Fuerzas Armadas N°1 / Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: clinical and molecular diagnosis of two cases treated at the Armed Forces N°1 Hospital

La ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2 (SCA2) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa causada por la expansión del trinucleótido CAG en el exón 1 del gen Ataxina-2 (ATXN2), situado en la región cromosómica 12q23-24. Este es el primer reporte de diagnóstico molecular realizado en Ecuador para esta enfermedad. Presentación de los casos Dos pacientes ecuatorianos de género masculino de 39 y 46 años de edad fueron remitidos al Servicio de Genética Médica del Hospital de Especialidades de las Fuerzas Armadas Nº1 para identifcar el tipo de ataxia espinocerebelosa presente en cada caso. Para ambos pacientes, la evaluación clínica evidenció síntomas compatibles con una SCA2, el análisis genealógico mostró un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante y el diagnóstico molecular confrmó que la ataxia espinocerebelosa presente era de tipo 2. Conclusión El diagnóstico específco de las ataxias espinocerebelosas debe basarse principalmente en una correlación fenotípica-genotípica, la cual involucra evaluaciones clínicas, análisis genealógico y estudios genéticos moleculares para cada caso. La SCA2 constituye un tipo de enfermedad cuyo diagnóstico implica complejidades clínicas y genéticas, concluyendo que este proceso debe efectuarse con la inclusión del asesoramiento genético familiar, siendo el comienzo del manejo integral de esta enfermedad

La importancia de un diagnóstico clínico temprano en la distrofia muscular de Duchenne: mutaciones encontradas en siete pacientes ecuatorianos / The importance of early clinical diagnosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: mutations found in seven Ecuadorian patients

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive X-linked genetic disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. In Ecuador, the procedure to diagnose this disease is not standardized by the public health system. The aim of this study was to propose an algorithm for DMD diagnosis in order to establish a standard protocol, emphasize early diagnosis and identify pathological mutations in affected patients. Subjects and methods We reported seven Ecuadorian male patients with clinical signs of DMD. They were evaluated by pediatricians, neurologists and geneticists, who made a medical record considering age of onset, pedigree, symptoms, serum CK levels and EMG analysis results. The confrmatory diagnosis and the type of mutations were identifed by molecular genetic testing. Results The most common symptoms reported from patients were frequent falls, unstable gait, diminished muscular strength, calf pseudohypertrophy and diffculty climbing stairs. Moreover, two types of mutations in DMD gene were found, duplications and deletions. The effects of mutations in the reading frame were out-of frame for all patients, except for one, whose mutations showed an in-frame effect on the gene. Conclusions It is important to emphasize the timely diagnosis of DMD to reduce the appearance of new cases, as well as the emotional impact on families. When there is a suspicion of a neuromuscular condition in male children, we recommend following the proposed algorithm in order to offer an early and effcient DMD diagnosis, confrm the disease and to provide an appropriate genetic counseling to patients and their families

La Distrofa Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) es una enfermedad genética recesiva ligada al cromosoma X, causada por mutaciones en el gen de la distrofna. En Ecuador, el procedimiento para diagnosticar esta enfermedad no ha sido estandarizado por el Sistema de Salud Pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer un algoritmo para el diagnóstico de DMD con el fn de establecer un protocolo estándar, enfatizar el diagnóstico temprano e identifcar las mutaciones patológicas en los pacientes afectados. Sujetos y métodos Se reportaron siete pacientes ecuatorianos masculinos con signos clínicos de DMD. Estos fueron evaluados por pediatras, neurólogos y genetistas, quienes elaboraron una historia clínica incluyendo datos de la edad de inicio, árbol genealógico, síntomas, resultados de los niveles de CK en suero y el análisis del EMG. El diagnóstico confrmatorio de DMD y el tipo de mutaciones fueron identifcados con pruebas genéticas moleculares. Resultados Los síntomas más comunes reportados en los pacientes fueron caídas frecuentes, inestabilidad en la marcha, disminución de la fuerza muscular, pseudo-hipertrofa de pantorrillas y difcultad para subir escaleras. Además, dos tipos de mutaciones fueron halladas en el gen DMD: duplicaciones y deleciones. Los efectos de las mutaciones en el marco de lectura del gen de la distrofna fueron out-frame para todos los pacientes, excepto en uno, cuyas mutaciones tuvieron un efecto in-frame sobre el gen. Conclusiones Enfatizar en el diagnóstico temprano de DMD es importante para reducir la aparición de nuevos casos, así como el impacto emocional en las familias. Cuando existe la sospecha de una enfermedad neuromuscular en niños, recomendamos seguir el algoritmo propuesto con el fn de ofrecer un diagnóstico oportuno y efciente, confrmar el diagnóstico de la enfermedad y proveer el asesoramiento genético apropiado a los pacientes y sus familiares